Influência do padrão dietético vegetariano sobre os marcadores de dano renal de pacientes com doença renal crônica : uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

Recognizing the importance of dietary protein for the treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), it is commonly recommended to control protein intake as nutritional management for these patients. The origin of the protein source, whether vegetable or animal, manifests itself as factors of possible risks and benefits of the disease. Vegetarian, vegan and omnivorous diets are viable for therapeutic interventions, as long as they do not exceed the amounts of proteins provided for in the guidelines. Objective: To analyze the effects of an omnivorous diet (mixed protein sources) versus a vegetarian diet (vegetable protein source) on blood, urinary and renal markers in patients with CKD. Methods: This is a systematic review study that included adult individuals (≥ 18 years of age) and elderly people diagnosed with CKD from any health context, that had the comparison of vegetarian and/or vegan diets with omnivorous/mixed diets on blood, urinary and renal outcomes. Data were collected in the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science with the following descriptors “Chronic Renal Diseases”; “Renal Insufficiency, Chronic”; “Diet, Vegan”; “Diet, Vegetarian”, without year and language restrictions. Results: Eight studies were selected. Follow-up time ranged from 7 days to just over 11 years. All had individuals of both sexes. No significant differences were observed in blood, urinary and kidney markers in dietary patterns associated with the origin of the protein source. A probable benefit of a vegetarian diet, with emphasis on vegan, was found in preventing the development of CKD. Conclusion: The different protein sources in the diets did not significantly modify the blood, urinary and renal markers of patients with CKD. Despite this, if the recommended daily values are respected, they appear to present positive results in reducing the progression of CKD.