Comportamentos de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida em adultos brasileiros com asma : análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that has multiple phenotypes for its development, including inadequate lifestyle-related risk behaviors. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma diagnosis in Brazilian adults and its association with lifestyle-related risk behaviors. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health Survey, carried out in 2019. Asthma was assessed based on self-reported medical diagnosis and the risk behaviors assessed were: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, insufficient physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were taken into account, such as gender, age group, race/skin color, per capita family income, place of residence and region. The prevalence rates and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the outcome were estimated according to the explanatory variables of interest. Logistic regression models were also developed, adjusted for confounding factors. Results: Asthma/asthma bronchitis was reported by around 5% of Brazilians, and was more prevalent among women (6.2%), with a per capita household income of ≥2 minimum wages (6.8%), living in urban areas (5.6%), and in the South and Southeast regions (6.2% and 6.1%). Significant associations were observed in males in relation to practicing physical activity 5-7 days a week (6.3%) and among those with screen time ≥3 hours/day (6.7%). However, after adjusting for confounding factors, no significant association was observed in males, but in females there was an association with the behaviors of not smoking (OR=0.77, 95%CI= 0.61; 0.98), not abusing alcoholic beverages (OR= 0.77, 95%CI= 0.61; 0.99) and replacing lunch with snacks (OR=1.62, 95%CI= 1.11; 2.36). Conclusion: A prevalence of asthma of 5.4% was observed, associated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Among women, not smoking, not consuming alcohol abusively and not replacing lunch with a snack were protective factors for the diagnosis of asthma/asthma bronchitis.